Ancient town of Nesebar

Nessebar - ancient and modern The town of Nessebar (about 10 000 inhabitants) is situated on a small peninsula 36 km to the northeast of Burgas and 430 km to the east of Sofia. Its beach is regarded to be the best along the Black Sea coast. Astonishing dunes make the coast quite picturesque. The green copses by the sandy strips provide a cool breath of air during the hot days. The town’s story The town originates from the time when Thracian fishermen made a settlement that was named Menabryia, which meant the town of Mena (the founder of the settlement).

In the 6th century BC it was a colony of the Megarus tribe from ancient Greece, immigrants from Byzantium and Kalhedon. The Greeks named it Messembria and transformed it into a big and well-fortified town-state with natural protection both from the sea and the land. It was unique with its water mains, a system of sewers, fortified walls, amphitheatre and numerous cult buildings the most famous of which was the temple of Apollo. It became a commercial centre and loads of goods from the Aegean and the Mediterranean regions were carried there for commerce. The excavated objects prove that there was a brisk trade with the ancient world.

The town maintained excellent relations with the neighbouring Thracian tribes and minted its first own coins in 5th century BC. Two centuries later, it enlarged so much that it founded its own colony called Navlohos near Obzor. The whole space between Nessebar and Obzor used to be a granary that supplied the two colonies with nutrition as well as goods for export and import. In 1st century BC the town fell under Roman yoke and surrendered to Marcus Lukulus' legions so that it did not suffer any destruction. At that time the constructions of the second colony of Ivlessembria began, to the south of it - Anhialo (today the town of Pomorie). In the early Middle Ages the town restored the fortress walls and until 813 it was part of the empire of Byzantium. In the same year, it was invaded by Khan Krum, put up with no resistance, and was included in the territory of Bulgaria. During a long period of time the town was under the rule of the Bulgarians and then in the hands of the Byzantines. During the reign of Ivan Alexander the town reached its economic and cultural boom, and it occupied a huge territory of land not only on the peninsula. Approximately then most of the churches of Nessebar were built and up to this day they create the unique atmosphere of the town. Nessebar has the biggest number of churches per capita. In 1367, Amadeus of Savoy conquered and devastated the town, and then traded it to Byzantium for 15 500 golden ducats. In 1453, shortly after Constantinople fell under Turkish rule, the town was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and suffered decay. Today Nessebar is one of the most preferred resorts. The construction of the new town started together with the building of numerous rest homes, big and small hotels, and contemporary facilities for tourism and recreation. The old buildings have been restored and new houses in ancient style have been built.

Sight-seeing
The churches in Nessebar are 40. Not all of them have coped to preserve their full glory but even this way they are impressive. One of the oldest buildings is the Basilica situated on the seashore, dating most probably to the beginning of 5th century. Baptist Church was built in 11th century and is a typical cross-domed church with three naves and four brick-laid columns supporting the whole dome. A small archaeological museum has been arranged in the church. The Old Bishop's Residence located in the centre of the town is probably the most the imposing of all the churches in Nessebar. It is more than 26 m long and 21 m wide. The St. Stefan Church or the so-called New Bishop's Residence was built in 10th century. The facade of the church is ornamented with built-in meanders of glazed ceramic figures of varying colours and enamelled tiles. The bishop's throne and the altar were made of wood later in 17th century. The subsequent picturesque style was best illustrated in the St. Todor Church but unfortunately only two facades have been preserved in their initial style. The St. St. Archangels Mikhail and Gavrail Church used to have a dome; its remains speak for an interesting project and brilliant performance. The restoration gives the tourists the opportunity to encounter the architectural concept in the typical picturesque style. The St. Paraskeva Church is of the same type. It is a small one-nave church. The ornaments match the architectonics of the building very naturally. The St. Yoan Aliturgetos Church is said to be the most amazing one perched high above the harbour. In the ideal centre of the town itself is the Pantocrator Church with domes on a rectangular foundation.
The remains of many parts of fortress walls have been found as well as the square turret, the round turret, a large part of the authentic medieval street pavement, and some of the Roman and Greek pavements, fortifications of different periods and epochs, remains of administrative and other kinds of constructions.
Despite its small size the town always surprises tourists with the ancient surroundings and atmosphere. During the Turkish yoke only one church was built in 17th century - the St. Spas Church. The houses of Diamanti and that of Panayot Mouskoyani, which host an ethnographic exhibition, and that of Captain Pavel are worth-seeing. All of the old Nessebar shows remarkable taste in the construction of houses, streets and stone walls. The Turkish bath and the windmill at the beginning of the causeway are particularly charming.
Transport
There is a regular transport connecting Burgas and Pomorie to Nessebar and Slanchev Bryag (Sunny Beach). There are private taxis typical for the seaside towns due to the large number of tourists. The prices are moderate. There is water transport to Burgas; one can often hire local boatmen to reach different places in the bay.
Accommodation
The most preferred hotels in the town are Messembria Hotel, Globus Hotel and Burgas Hotel. There is a tourist house and lots of small hotels. Private lodgings are obtainable without previous reservation in the old town.
Surroundings
The village of Ravda is situated to the south of Nessebar and a sand strip connects both of them. There are melon fields, vines and gardens near the village where one can buy fresh agricultural products at low prices. There are numerous children's and youth camps, holiday houses and private lodgings. The village of Aheloy is situated on the highway to Bourgas near the mouth of the Aheloy River. This is where the Bulgarian Tsar Simeon I destroyed the armies of the Byzantine emperor Lion Foka in the area called nowadays Kokalos because of the scattered bones of the murdered soldiers.

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